Lithium, Environmental Impacts and High Andean Salt Flats in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. An Integrative Review of Scientific Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32991/2237-2717.2026v16i3.p23-68Palavras-chave:
triángulo del litio, impactos ambientales, conflictos socio-ambientales, minería del litioResumo
This article reviews scientific literature on lithium mining's environmental impacts in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile's salt flats, analyzing the period 1975-2024. The literature splits into two views: an optimistic one promoting lithium as vital for energy transition and global markets, and a critical one warning of irreversible damage to fragile ecosystems and local lifestyles. Despite growing socio-environmental interest over 50 years, knowledge gaps persist, the information on socio-environmental impacts is dispersed, with different levels of depth and rigor, and with uneven data distribution and capabilities among these countries. Chile’s Salar de Atacama, heavily researched due to mining influence, shows major impacts on water, biodiversity, and communities, yet lithium extraction continues despite insufficient data for responsible management. Additionally, much of this information does not reach local territories, and the treatment of impacts perceived by local communities remains limited, exacerbating inequalities. Unless significant innovations are made, the extraction of lithium salts from high Andean salt flats is paradoxically accelerating the socio-environmental degradation of these fragile ecosystems.
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